In fact, in older adults, it was observed that a decrease in hippocampal volume is associated with worsening of memory performance. These age-related changes in brain structure are assumed to play major roles in the worsening of cognition functions, such as processing speed and memory. In contrast, the grey matter volume of other brain structures such as the parietal and occipital cortices have been reported to change slightly with increasing age, whereas a severe decline in white matter volume of the prefrontal cortex (PFC) is most pronounced in the very oldest. In this regard, in recent years, evidence has shown that the hippocampus and the grey matter in the frontal lobe are affected by age-related shrinking. As a consequence of aging, the structure and function of organic systems (i.e., brain) can be negatively affected, which in turn can converge in a decline of individual capabilities (e.g., cognition). ![]() Throughout the lifespan, the human organism undergoes considerable changes. Hence, future studies are required to investigate the underlying neurobiological mechanisms and to verify whether the positive findings can be confirmed and transferred to other needy cohorts, such as older adults with dementia, sarcopenia and/or dynapenia. However, based on the relatively small number of studies available, the findings should be interpreted cautiously. Furthermore, resistance training led to lower white matter atrophy and smaller white matter lesion volumes. Short conclusionīased on our analyses, resistance exercises and resistance training evoked substantial functional brain changes, especially in the frontal lobe, which were accompanied by improvements in executive functions. Methods and resultsĪ systematic literature search was conducted by two independent researchers across six electronic databases 5957 records were returned, of which 18 were considered relevant and were analyzed. Hence, the purpose of this systematic review is to provide an overview of resistance exercise-induced functional and/or structural brain changes that are related to cognitive functions. While the available evidence regarding resistance exercise-induced changes in cognitive functions is pooled, the underlying neurobiological processes, such as functional and structural brain changes, have yet to be summarized. Compared with the multitude of studies that have investigated the influence of endurance exercises and/or endurance training on cognitive performance and brain structure, considerably less work has focused on the effects of resistance exercises and/or resistance training. ![]() ![]() Based on this emerging evidence, resistance exercises and/or resistance training, which contributes to the preservation and augmentation of muscular strength and muscle mass, may trigger beneficial neurobiological processes and could be crucial for healthy aging that includes preservation of the brain and cognition. Notably, growing evidence points towards a relationship between cognition and measures of muscular strength and muscle mass. ![]() Regarding cognitive functions, substantial functional (e.g., compensatory brain activity) and structural changes (e.g., shrinking of the hippocampus) in the brain cause this decline. During the aging process, physical capabilities (e.g., muscular strength) and cognitive functions (e.g., memory) gradually decrease.
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